1. I'am grateful to Klaus-Jürgen Nagel (Departament de Ciències Polítiques i Socials, Universitat Pompeu Fabra) and for participants of the 1998 Anglo-Catalan Society Conference for comments on an earlier version of this paper. All translations from Catalan and Castilian sources are the author's. Responsibility for interpretation, errors and omissions remains my own.

2. The Diari Català was founded in 1879, and the journal L'Avenç in 1881. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel has pointed out that Catalan language satirical weeklies such as La Campana de Gràcia, L'Esqella de la Torratxa, Cu-Cut! and Papitu were very successful, however, in the early 20th century (personal communication).

3. 3. Centre for Sociological Research, Study 2228 on Consciència nacional y regional, (National and Regional consciousness).

4. 4. The phrase "llengua pròpia" is not simple to translate, in part because of the (necessary) ambiguity of the concept itself. The Generalitat translates this phrase as the "language proper to Catalunya". Webber and Strubell i Trueta translate it as "Catalunya's own language" (1991). Another possibility would be "indigenous language".

5. The abstainer was Joan Besa of the CDS, who objected to the introduction to the Act (El País, 7th April 1983). Significantly both the two Andalucian Socialist Party deputies voted for the 1983 law. (I am grateful to Miquel Strubell of the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana for this information)

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