Dídac Llorens Cubedo Universitat Jaume I, Castelló
Notes
1. Albert Manent, "La recepció de l'obra de T.S. Eliot a Catalunya," Homenatge a T.S. Eliot, ed. Alex Sussana (Barcelona: Acta / Quaderns, 1989) 68.
2. Eliot took the title for his poem from Jessie Weston's From Ritual to Romance, a study of Grail stories, where the land going waste is a consequence of the hero not behaving as expected.
3. We have used a bilingual edition published by the Institute of North-American Studies (see bibliography).
4. Northrop Frye, The Great Code. The Bible and Literature (San Diego: Hartcourt Brace and Co., 1982) 140.
5. See also lines 19, 20: "What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow / Out of this stony rubbish? [...]"
6. We quote from Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London: Faber & Faber, 1974), which includes Eliot's original "Notes on The Waste Land." The poem is divided into five parts: "The Burial of the Dead," "A Game of Chess," "Death by Water," "The Fire Sermon," and "What the Thunder Said."
7. Swami Nikhilananda (trans. and ed.), "Brihadaranyaka," The Upanishads (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1963) 140.
8. According to Francesc de Borja Moll's Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear, vol. 9 (Palma de Mallorca: Moll, 1988), "rial" is a synonym of "rieral." Interestingly, all examples of the word's use included in this entry have been taken from Espriu's poetry. "Rieral" means "terreny per on passa una riera" and a "riera" is a "corrent d'aigua menys important que un riu, perquè sol portar aigua només en temps de pluges" (all these definitions can be found on page 488).
9. James J. Wilhelm, The Cruelest month. Spring, Nature and Love in Classical and Mediaeval Lyrics. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965) Introduction, xiii.
10. Disappointingly, the book contains no reference to Catalan literature at all.
11. GMichael Alexander (ed.), "Notes" to The Canterbury Tales. The First Fragment (London: Penguin, 1996) 261.
12. "The time was the beginning of the morning and the sun was mounting with those stars which were with it when Divine Love first set in motion those fair things,...". Translation by John D. Sinclair (see "Works cited" for details of the edition used).
13. Sinclair, note 3 to Canto I, page 28 (both these lines and the ones from the song below; see "Works cited" for details of the edition used).
14. Geoffrey Chaucer, "General Prologue," ll. 1-18, The Canterbury Tales. The First Fragment (see "Works cited" for details of the edition used). "When the sweet showers of April have pierced / The drought of March, and pierced it to the root, / And every vein is bathed in that moisture / Whose quickening force will engender the flower; / And when the west wind too with its sweet breath / Has given life in every wood and field / To tender shoots, and when the stripling sun / Has run his half-course in Aries, the Ram, / And when small birds are making melodies, / That sleep all the night long with open eyes / (Nature so prompts them, and encourages); / Then people long to go on pilgrimages, / And palmers to take ship for foreign shores, / And distant shrines, famous in different lands; / And most especially, from all the shires / Of England, to Canterbury they come, / The holy blessed martyr there to seek, / Who gave his help to them when they were sick." (present-day English translation by DAVID WRIGHT; see "Works cited").
15Chaucer, "General Prologue," ll. 769-774. "You're off to Canterbury -so Godspeed! / The blessed martyr give you your reward! / And I'll be bound, that while you're on your way, / You'll be telling tales, and making holiday; / It makes no sense, and really is no fun / To ride along the road dumb as a stone." (present-day English translation by David Wright; see "Works cited").
16 Dickens suggests that the "negative spring" image might have reached Eliot through French symbolist poetry.
17 Dickens, Negative spring. Crisis imagery in the works of Brentano, Lenau, Rilke and T.S. Eliot (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1989) 144.
18 The title of Schiller's essay is "Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung."
19Dickens 3.
20 J. M. Castellet, Iniciació a la poesia de Salvador Espriu, Llibres a l'abast, no. 100, 3rd ed., (Barcelona: Edicions 62) 67.
21Carles Miralles, "VIII. Salvador Espriu", Història de la literatura catalana. Part moderna. Volum X. (Barcelona: Ariel, 1987) 410, 411. Bold type mine
Works cited
ALIGHIERI, DANTE. The Divine Commedy. 1: Inferno. Ed. and trans. JOHN D. SINCLAIR. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
BATISTA, ANTONI. Salvador Espriu: itinerari personal. Barcelona: Empúries, 1985.
CASTELLET, JOSEP MARIA. Iniciació a la poesia de Salvador Espriu. 3rd ed. BARCELONA: EDICIONS 62, 1984.
CHAUCER, GEOFFREY. The Canterbury Tales. The First Fragment. Ed. MICHAEL ALEXANDER. London: Penguin, 1996.
___, The Canterbury Tales, Ed. and trans. DAVID WRIGHT. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
DICKENS, DAVID, Negative spring. Crisis imagery in the works of Brentano, Lenau, Rilke and T.S. Eliot. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1989.
ELIOT, THOMAS STEARNS. Collected Poems 1909-1962. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.
ESPRIU, SALVADOR. Cementiri de Sinera / Sinera Cemetery. Trans. JAMES EDDY. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Nord-Americans, 1978.
FRYE, NORTHROP. The Great Code. The Bible and Literature. San Diego: Hartcourt Brace and Co., 1982.
Holy Bible. King James Version. Standard Text Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, n. d.
MANENT, ALBERT. "La recepció de l'obra de T.S. Eliot a Catalunya," Homenatge a T.S. Eliot, ed. ÀLEX SUSANNA. Barcelona: Acta / Quaderns, 1989.
MIRALLES, CARLES. "VIII. Salvador Espriu", Història de la literatura catalana. Part moderna. Vol. X. Barcelona: Ariel, 1987.
NIKHILANANDA, SWAMI, trans. and ed. "Brihadaranyaka," The Upanishads. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1963.
WILHELM, JAMES J. The Cruelest month. Spring, Nature and Love in Classical and Mediaeval Lyrics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965.
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